Portion Sizes
Experts agree: There may be multiple causes for the rise in obesity in recent decades, but one major factor is the drastic increase in portion sizes.
This holds for home and restaurant meals.
But the fact we eat away from home so frequently plays a significant role in American’s expanding waistlines.
Americans (and people in most modern countries) all too often fill our diets with what scientists call “high energy density foods,” which represent items like fast food, fried dishes, and foods with empty calories and few nutrients like sodas, French fries, and white bread or pasta.
The truth is that both children and adults will eat more when more becomes available — a phenomenon known as the “portion size effect.”
Being aware of portion sizes and other environmental cues are essential in fighting weight gain and the obesity epidemic.
Why? This might surprise you, but the internal sensors that tell us when we’ve had too much food we are, well … easily fooled.
Particularly in the long-term, our appetite is influenced much more by external stimuli — what we see, taste, touch, and smell — than it is by some internal mechanism.
Of these senses, what we see on our plate is the most potent factor in how much we’ll end up eating.
Have portion sizes been this way forever? Are there ways to combat the portion size effect? Let’s take a look.
The History of Portion Sizes
Portion size increases are no new thing — one study examined 52 paintings of The Last Supper created between 1000 and 1900 AD and found that the size of the main meal and bread depicted increased significantly, particularly after the year 1500.
Somewhere around the 1970s, portion sizes began to grow disproportionately for the majority of items and restaurant meals.
The rise was most rapid in the 1980s and continues to increase as the average body weight of Americans lifts.
As of the early 2000s, there were several common culprits for individual portion sizes that vary significantly from what the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) deems a single portion.
Some of these items which are commonly mislabeled with serving sizes larger than USDA or Food and Drug Administration (FDA) standards include.
According to one review published in 2002:
“In contrast to practices that were common just 15 to 25 years ago, food companies now use larger sizes as selling points (e.g., Double Gulp, Supersize); fast-food companies promote larger items with signs, staff pins, and placemats; manufacturers of diet meals such as Lean Cuisine and Weight Watchers frozen dinners advertise larger meal sizes; restaurant reviews refer to large portions; and national chain restaurants promote large-size items directly on menus. Restaurants are using larger dinner plates, bakers are selling larger muffin tins, pizzerias are using larger pans, and fast-food companies are using larger drink and french fry containers. Identical recipes for cookies and desserts in old and new editions of classic cookbooks such as Joy of Cooking specify fewer servings, meaning that portions are expected to be larger.
Another indicator of the trend toward larger portions is that automobile manufacturers have installed larger cup holders in newer models to accommodate the larger sizes of drink cups. Overall, our observations indicate that the portion sizes of virtually all foods and beverages prepared for immediate consumption have increased and now appear typical.”
As I mentioned, the trend towards eating outside the home has also played a part. In 1977, about 23 percent of calories were consumed away from home, but nearly 34 percent were consumed elsewhere by 2006.
Eleven percent might not sound like a huge figure, but considering that many less expensive and chain restaurants frequently hand you a plate of food over what a true single serving should be, this makes a big difference.
Portion Sizes: 10 Ways to Trick Your Brain into Eating Less
What’s the best way to retrain your brain into eating less food — or eating more of the nutrient-dense, low-calorie foods that contribute to a healthy body?
I’ve included several specific tips below, but it all comes down to mindful eating.
If you want to decrease how much you eat, you’ll need to begin with intentionality, which will take time and effort.
1. Pay Attention to Portions
Okay, it probably sounds too simple, but the number one way to eat less is to … eat less!
Don’t trust yourself to free-feed/self-serve and control portions without knowing the appropriate size first.
Particularly when making food at home, eating at buffets or continental breakfasts, and when serving your kids, look at packages, or do a quick online search for the appropriate serving size.
If a serving is one-third of a package, don’t eat the whole thing.
Adults and children will both eat more when more food is in front of them — this is one way your body is pretty bad at self-regulating.
And guess what — this is true sometimes even if the food doesn’t taste great.
Because restaurants can make this very difficult, I suggest starting a meal by using my next tip…
2. Look at the Nutrition Facts
Restaurants can decrease how much diners eat by including the calorie count of each meal on the menu.
This impact is most drastic when a daily calorie suggestion (typically 2,000 calories/day) is listed on the menu.
People who are already overweight statistically underestimate how many calories are found in more substantial meals, especially when it comes to fast food (which you should avoid anyway).
Don’t see it on the menu? Google it. Most significant restaurants have nutrition facts available online or can provide it when asked.
If a meal where you’re eating contains a considerable amount of calories (usually, a red flag goes up for me when I see a number over 700 to 800 in one meal), decide before you start eating to do some portion control.
Ask for a to-go box and portion out a third to a half of your meal before you start eating to remove the visual cue of more food.
When grocery shopping, reading nutrition fact labels is one significant way to not only avoid exceptionally high-calorie foods but also to make sure you’re avoiding the worst ingredients found in many foods.
3. Eat-in Bright Areas
Candlelit dinners might be romantic, but they’re also probably more calorie-rich. In one trial, subjects were asked to eat in total darkness.
Compared to the group who ate in the light, those in darkness consumed 36 percent more food — and they had no physical indication that they were more full or shouldn’t order dessert.
Instead of finding yourself in a dark room in front of your TV, try practicing mindful eating by sitting at a table in the light and focusing on your meal, then doing entertainment later.
If you’re in a dark restaurant, don’t become lax with figuring out the right serving size for what you’re eating.
4. Snack Thoughtfully
People tend to trust packaging, which is usually not a bad thing. However, a lot of snacks are “individually sized” in larger-than-necessary serving sizes.
You’ll probably eat more of the same snack if a “single serving” is increased in size and served in a bigger container.
This is due to something called “unit bias” — our brains see one single thing as the same density, even if one is smaller.
Offered five mini pretzels or five normal-sized pretzels, a person will probably eat the entire serving of both, which means people eating the more massive pretzels consume more calories.
When considering snacks, don’t let your brain fool you. Take the time to count out a single serving and avoid eating out of large containers like a chip bag.
This leads me to recommend it…
5. Start Meal Planning
Putting a single serving of a snack into a snack baggie is a great way to control the portion sizes you consume, but this isn’t limited only to meals.
When you take the time to meal plan and prep in bulk, you can much more easily stop yourself from overeating.
By meal planning, you can go ahead and clean your plate, like Mom always told you to do.
Typically, people decide to finish the entire meal in front of them before taking the first bite — by having meals ready ahead of time, you practice time-delayed eating and reduce the total amount of food you eat.
6. Eat a High-Protein Snack Before Going Out
Appetizers may not be such a bad idea, after all. When you eat something small before a full meal, you may be able to decrease how much you want to eat when at the main event.
This is particularly true when the “pre-meal” includes a lot of protein.
High-protein snacks that might be great to have around, especially if you’re going to a restaurant that offers massive-calorie meals, includes things like protein bars, black bean brownies, chia pudding, and guacamole-stuffed eggs.
7. Add More Veggies — And Eat Them First
Want to trick your brain into eating more of the good stuff? Add healthy vegetables to your plate in large quantities and start with those.
You may not reduce how much you eat of the rest of your food, but you’ll eat more of the healthiest items on your plate by merely serving them and eating them first.
This holds with both children and adults.
8. Put Refills and Seconds Out of Arm’s Reach
I’m not calling you lazy, I promise. However, if you put the seconds on the stove rather than on the table, you’ll eat less.
One study found a 35 percent decreased intake when food was out of arm’s reach. There was a slightly more substantial impact on men.
9. Be Wary of Labeling Bias
Did you know that something labeled “organic” doesn’t mean it’s necessarily low-calorie or even healthy?
I highly recommend going for organic whenever you can to avoid dangerous chemicals like Monsanto Roundup; however, it’s easy to let an organic label confuse you. For example, organic cookies are still likely full of sugar.
In one study, researchers found people not only ate more things labeled organic (regardless of the health status of the food), but many subjects would even forgo their other efforts to lose weight, such as exercising, after eating something organic.
Don’t let labeling bias fool you — train your brain to be aware of the actual nutritional content of foods, even when they’re organic.
Keep reaping the benefits of exercise and other healthy lifestyle practices, too.
10. Use Smaller Plates and Dinnerware
You may have seen this recommendation before, but one easy way to eat less is to use a smaller plate and smaller dinnerware.
You simply can’t fit the same amount of food on a small plate as you can a large one, and your brain is happier to see a “full” plate, even if it has fewer calories on it.
Between the 1980s and 2000s, the size of the average dinner plate in the United States went up by an astounding 44 percent, which indicates we’ve become accustomed to larger serving sizes overall.
In one study, less than half of the people served the same food on various dishware even noticed the dishware size differed at all.
In another trial, subjects ate more of snack food when self-serving if the spoon was more giant.
You’re also more likely to drink more of a beverage from a tall container than a short, wide one.
So, this one is simple — be aware of the size of the plates, cups, and dinnerware you’re using and adjust accordingly (and implement the other tips above) to keep from overeating.
Precautions
I am not typically a fan of calorie-counting because I think it forces you to focus on the wrong thing.
Eating nutrient-dense foods is far more important than just knowing you had 1,839 calories in a day.
However, some concerns arise with portion sizes and the way they may be impacting the obesity epidemic, especially when we’re talking about high-calorie, nutrient-deficient foods.
Instead of being calorie-obsessed, your focus should stay on eating the most nutrient-dense foods you can while also being mindful of your intake.
Also, there has been some controversy surrounding the work of Professor Brian Wansink of Cornell University, who has conducted a lot of research around the psychology of eating and portion sizes.
Some of his studies have been retracted due to shoddy research practices, while others have been upheld. I have not included any retracted studies throughout this article.
Final Thoughts
Portion sizes have increased dramatically since the 1970s and continue to rise, along with the average weight of a US citizen.
There are several ways you can trick your brain into eating less food. I suggest you should:
- Pay attention to portions.
- Look at the nutrition facts.
- Eat-in bright areas
- Snack thoughtfully
- Start meal planning
- Eat a high-protein snack before eating out.
- Add more veggies to your plate — and eat them first.
- Put refills and seconds out of arm’s reach.
- Be wary of labeling bias.
- Use smaller plates and dinnerware.
Even with these tips, I don’t recommend obsessing over calories. Instead, focus on the nutrient density of what you’re eating and add superfoods and other high-quality items to your plate.
The nutrients found in these types of foods will help your body stay healthy, not just to keep weight off.
